Snacking Behavior and Association with Metabolic Risk Factors in Adults from North and South India

• Published in: The Journal of nutrition 2023-02, Vol.153 (2), p.523-531
• Main Authors: Ganpule, Anjali, Dubey, Manisha, Pandey, Himanshi, Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy, Nikhil, Green, Rosemary, Ann Brown, Kerry, Maddury, Avinav Prasad, Khatkar, Rajesh, Jarhyan, Prashant, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Mohan, Sailesh
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Adults; Blood pressure; Consumers; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food; Food consumption; Glucose; Health risks; Humans; Hunger; Income; India; Male; Metabolic disorders; metabolic risk; Nutrition research; Obesity; Regression analysis; Risk analysis; Risk Factors; Rural areas; Snack foods; snacking behavior; Snacks; Television; Urban areas; Women
• ISSN: 0022-3166; 1541-6100; 1541-6100
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.032

Snacks are increasingly contributing to daily diets around the world. Studies from high-income countries have demonstrated the link between snack consumption and metabolic risk factors, but there are very few studies from low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to assess snack behavior and its associations with metabolic risk factors in Indian adults. Adults from the UDAY study (October 2018–February 2019, n = 8762) from rural and urban Sonipat (North) and Vizag (South) India were studied for snack consumption (food frequency questionnaire), demographic factors, including age, sex, etc. and metabolic risk factors, including BMI, waist circumference, fat percentage, plasma glucose, and blood pressure. We compared snack consumption by categories of sociodemographic factors (Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test) and studied the likelihood for metabolic risk (logistic regression analysis). Half of the study participants were women and resided in rural locations. Savory snacks were the most preferred; 50% of the participants consumed them 3–5 times/wk. Participants preferred to purchase out-of-home prepared snacks and eat them at home (86.6%) while watching television (69.4%) or with family/friends (49.3%). The reasons for snacking were hunger, craving, liking, and availability. Snack consumption was higher in Vizag (56.6%) than in Sonipat (43.4%), among women (55.5%) than men (44.5%), and the wealthiest; it was similar in rural–urban locations. Frequent consumers of snacks had 2 times higher likelihood for having obesity (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.51, 3.27) central obesity (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.60, 3.45), and higher fat percentage (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.31, 2.82) and higher fasting glucose levels (r=0.12 (0.07–0.18) than consumers who consumed snacks rarely (all P ≤ 0.05). Snack (savory and sweet) consumption was high among adults from sexes in both urban and rural locations of north and south India. This was associated with higher risk of obesity. There is a need to improve the food environment by promoting policies for ensuring healthier food options to reduce snacking and associated metabolic risk.