Diverse and unified mechanisms of transcription initiation in bacteria

• Published in: Nature reviews. Microbiology 2021-02, Vol.19 (2), p.95-109
• Main Authors: Chen, James, Boyaci, Hande, Campbell, Elizabeth A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 631/326/1320; 631/535; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Archaea; Archaea - genetics; Bacteria; Bacteria - genetics; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Commensals; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Divergence; Divergent evolution; DNA; DNA-directed RNA polymerase; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases - antagonists & inhibitors; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases - metabolism; Eukaryotes; Genetic aspects; Genetic regulation; Genetic research; Genetic transcription; Infectious Diseases; Life Sciences; Medical Microbiology; Microbial genetics; Microbiology; Observations; Parasitology; Phylogeny; Promoter Regions, Genetic - genetics; Regulatory mechanisms (biology); Review Article; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; RNA polymerase; RNA, Bacterial - genetics; Sigma Factor - metabolism; Transcription factors; Transcription initiation; Transcription Initiation, Genetic - physiology; Virology
• ISSN: 1740-1526; 1740-1534
• DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00450-2

Transcription of DNA is a fundamental process in all cellular organisms. The enzyme responsible for transcription, RNA polymerase, is conserved in general architecture and catalytic function across the three domains of life. Diverse mechanisms are used among and within the different branches to regulate transcription initiation. Mechanistic studies of transcription initiation in bacteria are especially amenable because the promoter recognition and melting steps are much less complicated than in eukaryotes or archaea. Also, bacteria have critical roles in human health as pathogens and commensals, and the bacterial RNA polymerase is a proven target for antibiotics. Recent biophysical studies of RNA polymerases and their inhibition, as well as transcription initiation and transcription factors, have detailed the mechanisms of transcription initiation in phylogenetically diverse bacteria, inspiring this Review to examine unifying and diverse themes in this process. In this Review, Chen, Boyaci and Campbell examine universal pathways and diverse regulatory mechanisms in transcription initiation in evolutionarily divergent bacteria, and they discuss the mechanisms whereby antimicrobials inhibit transcription initiation and the insights those mechanisms provide into the transcription cycle.