Association of Rituximab Use With Adverse Events in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

• Published in: JAMA network open 2021-02, Vol.4 (2), p.e2036321
• Main Authors: McAtee, Casey Lee, Lubega, Joseph, Underbrink, Kristen, Curry, Kristen, Msaouel, Pavlos, Barrow, Martha, Muscal, Eyal, Lotze, Timothy, Srivaths, Poyyapakkam, Forbes, Lisa R, Allen, Carl, Bernhardt, M Brooke
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Agammaglobulinemia - chemically induced; Agammaglobulinemia - epidemiology; Anaphylaxis; Anaphylaxis - chemically induced; Anaphylaxis - epidemiology; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System - drug therapy; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Drug dosages; Encephalitis - drug therapy; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous - therapeutic use; Immunologic Factors - adverse effects; Immunotherapy; Infant; Infections; Infections - chemically induced; Infections - epidemiology; Injection Site Reaction - epidemiology; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal - epidemiology; Long Term Adverse Effects - chemically induced; Long Term Adverse Effects - epidemiology; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic - drug therapy; Lymphocyte Count; Lymphoma - drug therapy; Male; Monoclonal antibodies; Multiple Sclerosis - drug therapy; Nephrotic Syndrome - drug therapy; Neutropenia; Neutropenia - chemically induced; Neutropenia - epidemiology; Odds Ratio; Online Only; Original Investigation; Pediatrics; Proportional Hazards Models; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic - drug therapy; Rituximab - adverse effects; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Young Adult; Young adults
• ISSN: 2574-3805; 2574-3805
• DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36321

Rituximab is among the most frequently used immunotherapies in pediatrics. Few studies have reported long-term adverse events associated with its use for children. To describe the use of rituximab and to assess whether its use is associated with short- or long-term adverse events, infections, or time to immune reconstitution in a diverse group of young people. This retrospective cohort study included 468 patients aged younger than 21 years who received rituximab for diverse indications between October 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017, at Texas Children's Hospital, a large pediatric referral hospital. Patterns of adverse events, infections, and immune recovery are described. Data analyses were conducted from December 2019 to June 2020. One or more doses of rituximab. Adverse drug events (eg, anaphylaxis), incidence of mild and severe infections, and time to recovery of B lymphocyte subset counts and immunoglobulin levels. Survival models and logistic regression analyses and were used to identify associated risk factors of infectious and noninfectious adverse drug events. We identified 468 patients receiving at least 1 dose of rituximab. The total follow-up time was 11 713 person-months. Of the 468 patients, 293 (62.6%) were female, the median (interquartile range) age at receipt of dose was 14.3 (9.9-16.8) years, and 209 (44.7%) were self-reported White Hispanic. Adverse events associated with rituximab infusion occurred in 72 patients (15.4%), and anaphylaxis occurred in 17 patients (3.6%). Long-term adverse events, such as prolonged neutropenia and leukoencephalopathy, were absent. Infections occurred in 224 patients (47.9%); 84 patients (17.9%) had severe infections, and 3 patients (0.6%) had lethal infections. Concurrent use of intravenous chemotherapy, treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, neutropenia, and use of intravenous immunoglobulin were associated with increased risk of infection. Among 135 patients (28.8%) followed up to B cell count recovery, CD19+ or CD20+ cell numbers normalized in a median of 9.0 months (interquartile range, 5.9-14.4 months) following rituximab use; 48 of 95 patients (51%) evaluated beyond a year had low-for-age B cell counts. Recovery of CD27+ memory B cell number occurred in a median of 15.7 months (interquartile range, 6.0-22.7 months). Among patients with normal baseline values, low immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels developed in 67 of 289 patients (23.2%) and low IgM levels in 118 of 255 patients (40.8%); of these patie