A phenomenological investigation of patients’ experiences during direct observation in residency: busting the myth of the fly on the wall

• Published in: Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice 2021-10, Vol.26 (4), p.1191-1206
• Main Authors: Rietmeijer, Chris B. T., Deves, Mark, van Esch, Suzanne C. M., van der Horst, Henriëtte E., Blankenstein, Annette H., Veen, Mario, Scheele, Fedde, Teunissen, Pim W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Clinical Competence; Coding; Education; Education, Medical, Graduate; Female; Humans; Internship and Residency; Learning; Medical Education; Observation; Patients; Phenomenology; Reflexivity; Supervisors; Workplace; Workplace Learning
• ISSN: 1382-4996; 1573-1677
• DOI: 10.1007/s10459-021-10044-z

Direct observation (DO) of residents by supervisors is a highly recommended educational tool in postgraduate medical education, yet its uptake is poor. Residents and supervisors report various reasons for not engaging in DO. Some of these relate to their interaction with patients during DO. We do not know the patient perspectives on these interactions, nor, more broadly, what it is like to be a patient in a DO situation. Understanding the patient perspective may lead to a more complete understanding of the dynamics in DO situations, which may benefit patient wellbeing and improve the use of DO as an educational tool. We conducted a phenomenological interview study to investigate the experience of being a patient in a DO situation. Our analysis included multiple rounds of coding and identifying themes, and a final phase of phenomenological reduction to arrive at the essential elements of the experience. Constant reflexivity was at the heart of this process. Our results provide a new perspective on the role of the supervisor in DO situations. Patients were willing to address the resident, but sought moments of contact with, and some participation by, the supervisor. Consequently, conceptions of DO in which the supervisor thinks she is a fly on the wall rather than a part of the interaction, should be critically reviewed. To that end, we propose the concept of participative direct observation in workplace learning, which also acknowledges the observer’s role as participant. Embracing this concept may benefit both patients’ wellbeing and residents’ learning.