Trace Elements and Omega-3 Fatty Acids of Wild and Farmed Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) Consumed in Bulgaria: Human Health Risks

The unique, closed ecosystem of the Black Sea is of significant global importance. The levels and health risk of some trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in wild and farmed mussels ( ) collected from the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea were determined and using different approaches su...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of environmental research and public health 2021-09, Vol.18 (19), p.10023
Main Authors: Peycheva, Katya, Panayotova, Veselina, Stancheva, Rositsa, Makedonski, Lubomir, Merdzhanova, Albena, Cicero, Nicola, Parrino, Vincenzo, Fazio, Francesco
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Bulgaria
Cadmium
Chemical contaminants
Chromium
Coasts
Consumption
Docosahexaenoic acid
Ecosystem
Environmental Monitoring
Fatty acids
Fatty Acids, Omega-3
Gas flow
Health risk assessment
Health risks
Humans
Laboratories
Metals, Heavy - analysis
Mollusks
Mussels
Mytilus
Mytilus galloprovincialis
Omega-3 fatty acids
Polyethylene
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Quotients
Risk Assessment
Risk levels
Seafood
Trace elements
Trace Elements - analysis
Variance analysis
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Zinc
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Summary:The unique, closed ecosystem of the Black Sea is of significant global importance. The levels and health risk of some trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in wild and farmed mussels ( ) collected from the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea were determined and using different approaches such as Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), Target risk (TR), human health risk levels were assessed. The mean maximum concentrations of the elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in all mussel samples were below the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) except that which exceeded the limit of 2.00 mg/kg ww. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acids profile studied mussels showed that the farmed mussels had higher PUFA/SFA ratios, DHA and EPA + DHA content and lower SFA, AI and TI values. The target risk (TR) values for Pb, Cr, Ni and As were calculated, evaluated and showed acceptable or negligible levels. Target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard index (HI) from elemental intake were below 1 indicated no hazard from consumption. The benefit-risk ratio indicated that wild and cultured are safe for human consumption.
ISSN:1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
DOI:10.3390/ijerph181910023