Upregulation of Cellular Palmitoylation Mitigates α‐Synuclein Accumulation and Neurotoxicity

• Published in: Movement disorders 2021-02, Vol.36 (2), p.348-359
• Main Authors: Ho, Gary P.H., Ramalingam, Nagendran, Imberdis, Thibaut, Wilkie, Erin C., Dettmer, Ulf, Selkoe, Dennis J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: alpha-Synuclein - genetics; alpha-Synuclein - metabolism; Animals; Humans; Inclusion bodies; Lipoylation; Membrane trafficking; Movement disorders; Neuroblastoma; Neuroblastoma cells; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neurons; Neurons - metabolism; Neurotoxicity; Palmitic acid; Palmitoylation; Parkinson Disease; Parkinson's disease; Pathogenesis; Pathophysiology; Phenotypes; Phosphorylation; Proteins; Rats; Serine; Synuclein; Thioesterase; Up-Regulation; vesicle trafficking; α‐synuclein
• ISSN: 0885-3185; 1531-8257
• DOI: 10.1002/mds.28346

ABSTRACT Background Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by α‐synuclein (αS) cytoplasmic inclusions. αS‐dependent vesicle‐trafficking defects are important in PD pathogenesis, but their mechanisms are not well understood. Protein palmitoylation, post‐translational addition of the fatty acid palmitate to cysteines, promotes trafficking by anchoring specific proteins to the vesicle membrane. αS itself cannot be palmitoylated as it lacks cysteines, but it binds to membranes, where palmitoylation occurs, via an amphipathic helix. We hypothesized that abnormal αS membrane‐binding impairs trafficking by disrupting palmitoylation. Accordingly, we investigated the therapeutic potential of increasing cellular palmitoylation. Objectives We asked whether upregulating palmitoylation by inhibiting the depalmitoylase acyl‐protein‐thioesterase‐1 (APT1) ameliorates pathologic αS‐mediated cellular phenotypes and sought to identify the mechanism. Methods Using human neuroblastoma cells, rat neurons, and iPSC‐derived PD patient neurons, we examined the effects of pharmacologic and genetic downregulation of APT1 on αS‐associated phenotypes. Results APT1 inhibition or knockdown decreased αS cytoplasmic inclusions, reduced αS serine‐129 phosphorylation (a PD neuropathological marker), and protected against αS‐dependent neurotoxicity. We identified the APT1 substrate microtubule‐associated‐protein‐6 (MAP6), which binds to vesicles in a palmitoylation‐dependent manner, as a key mediator of these effects. Mechanistically, we found that pathologic αS accelerated palmitate turnover on MAP6, suggesting that APT1 inhibition corrects a pathological αS‐dependent palmitoylation deficit. We confirmed the disease relevance of this mechanism by demonstrating decreased MAP6 palmitoylation in neurons from αS gene triplication patients. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a novel link between the fundamental process of palmitoylation and αS pathophysiology. Upregulating palmitoylation represents an unexplored therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society