The Relationship Between Antibiotic Agent and Mortality in Patients With Febrile Neutropenia due to Staphylococcal Bloodstream Infection: A Multicenter Cohort Study

• Published in: Open forum infectious diseases 2022-08, Vol.9 (8), p.ofac306-ofac306
• Main Authors: Aleissa, Muneerah M, Gonzalez-Bocco, Isabel H, Zekery-Saad, Sara, Kubiak, David W, Zhang, Eric M, Signorelli, Jessie, Hammond, Sarah P, Mohareb, Amir M, Luskin, Marlise R, Manne-Goehler, Jennifer, Marty, Francisco M
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Major
• ISSN: 2328-8957; 2328-8957
• DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac306

Abstract Background Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) is a common cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients with febrile neutropenia, but treatment practices vary, and guidelines are not clear on the optimal regimen. Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of MSSA BSI in febrile neutropenia. We divided patients into 3 treatment groups: (1) broad-spectrum beta-lactams (ie, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, meropenem); (2) narrow-spectrum beta-lactams (ie, cefazolin, oxacillin, nafcillin); and (3) combination beta-lactams (ie, both narrow- and broad-spectrum). We used multivariable logistic regression to compare 60-day mortality and bacteremia recurrence while adjusting for potential confounders. Results We identified 889 patients with MSSA BSI, 128 of whom had neutropenia at the time of the index culture: median age 56 (interquartile range, 43–65) years and 76 (59%) male. Of those, 56 (44%) received broad-spectrum beta-lactams, 30 (23%) received narrow-spectrum beta-lactams, and 42 (33%) received combination therapy. After adjusting for covariates, including disease severity, combination therapy was associated with a significantly higher odds for 60-day all-cause mortality compared with broad spectrum beta-lactams (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–8.89; P = .013) and compared with narrow spectrum beta-lactams, although the latter was not statistically significant (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, .80–13.61; P = .071). Conclusions Use of combination beta-lactam therapy in patients with MSSA BSI and febrile neutropenia is associated with a higher mortality compared with treatment with broad-spectrum beta-lactam after adjusting for potential confounders. Patients in this study who transitioned to narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics did not have worse clinical outcomes compared with those who continued broad-spectrum beta-lactam therapy. Among neutropenic patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, combination therapy with broad- and narrow-spectrum beta-lactams had higher odds of 60-day all-cause mortality compared with broad-spectrum beta-lactam. Narrowing therapy was not associated with higher odds of clinical failure or 60-day mortality.