Simultaneous treatment with sorafenib and glucose restriction inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by impairing SIAH1-mediated mitophagy

• Published in: Experimental & molecular medicine 2022-11, Vol.54 (11), p.2007-2021
• Main Authors: Zhou, Jing, Feng, Ji, Wu, Yong, Dai, Hui-Qi, Zhu, Guang-Zhi, Chen, Pan-Hong, Wang, Li-Ming, Lu, Guang, Liao, Xi-Wen, Lu, Pei-Zhi, Su, Wen-Jing, Hooi, Shing Chuan, Ye, Xin-Pin, Shen, Han-Ming, Peng, Tao, Lu, Guo-Dong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 13/106; 13/2; 13/31; 13/89; 13/95; 14/19; 38/89; 631/67/1504/1610; 631/80/39/2348; 631/80/82/23; 96/34; Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology; Antineoplastic Agents - therapeutic use; Apoptosis; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cancer therapies; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - drug therapy; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - pathology; Cell death; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; Chemotherapy; Cisplatin; Diabetes mellitus; Doxorubicin; Electron transport chain; Embolization; Glucose; Glucose transporter; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Humans; Liver cancer; Liver Neoplasms - drug therapy; Liver Neoplasms - pathology; Lysosomes; Medical Biochemistry; Membrane proteins; Mitochondrial DNA; Mitophagy; Molecular Medicine; Molecular modelling; Niacinamide - pharmacology; Nutrients; Oligomycin; PTEN-induced putative kinase; Sorafenib - pharmacology; Sorafenib - therapeutic use; Stem Cells; Targeted cancer therapy; Tumors; Ubiquitin; Ubiquitin-protein ligase; Ubiquitination; Xenografts
• ISSN: 2092-6413; 1226-3613; 2092-6413
• DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00878-x

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the first-line treatment for unresectable intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is of high clinical significance to explore the synergistic effect of TACE with antiangiogenic inhibitors and the molecular mechanisms involved. This study determined that glucose, but not other analyzed nutrients, offered significant protection against cell death induced by sorafenib, as indicated by glucose deprivation sensitizing cells to sorafenib-induced cell death. Next, this synergistic effect was found to be specific to sorafenib, not to lenvatinib or the chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin. Mechanistically, sorafenib-induced mitophagy, as indicated by PINK1 accumulation, increased the phospho-poly-ubiquitination modification, accelerated mitochondrial membrane protein and mitochondrial DNA degradation, and increased the amount of mitochondrion-localized mKeima-Red engulfed by lysosomes. Among several E3 ubiquitin ligases tested, SIAH1 was found to be essential for inducing mitophagy; that is, SIAH1 silencing markedly repressed mitophagy and sensitized cells to sorafenib-induced death. Notably, the combined treatment of glucose restriction and sorafenib abolished ATP generation and mitophagy, which led to a high cell death rate. Oligomycin and antimycin, inhibitors of electron transport chain complexes, mimicked the synergistic effect of sorafenib with glucose restriction to promote cell death mediated via mitophagy inhibition. Finally, inhibition of the glucose transporter by canagliflozin (a clinically available drug used for type-II diabetes) effectively synergized with sorafenib to induce HCC cell death in vitro and to inhibit xenograft tumor growth in vivo. This study demonstrates that simultaneous treatment with sorafenib and glucose restriction is an effective approach to treat HCC, suggesting a promising combination strategy such as transarterial sorafenib-embolization (TASE) for the treatment of unresectable HCC. Liver cancer: Restricting glucose helps chemotherapy to work A new approach to treating the most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, combines the chemotherapy drug sorafenib with procedures that restrict the supply of glucose to the diseased tissues. Jing Zhou at Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, and coworkers investigated the effects of this strategy in cultured cells and on mice with tumors that modeled liver cancers. They confirmed that glucose protec