A Case Report and Literature Review of New-Onset Myasthenia Gravis After COVID-19 Infection

• Published in: Curēus (Palo Alto, CA) CA), 2022-12, Vol.14 (12), p.e33048
• Main Authors: Chatterjee, Tulika, Senthil Kumaran, Sriviji, Roy, Moni
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antibodies; Antiviral drugs; Autoimmune diseases; Cardiac arrhythmia; Case reports; COVID-19; Diplopia; Dysphagia; Dyspnea; Flow cytometry; Guillain-Barre syndrome; Infections; Infectious Disease; Internal Medicine; Intubation; Laboratories; Literature reviews; Myasthenia gravis; Neurology; Ostomy; Pandemics; Pneumonia; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Steroids; Tomography; Ultrasonic imaging; Ventilators
• ISSN: 2168-8184; 2168-8184
• DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33048

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction caused by a B-cell-mediated, T-cell-dependent immunologic attack at the end plate of the postsynaptic membrane. Attack on muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChR) of the postsynaptic membrane due to the AChR, muscle-specific tyrosine kinase, or lipoprotein receptor-related peptide 4 antibodies lead to symptoms of painless, fluctuating weakness of muscle groups and often begins with ocular signs and symptoms. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV. Serious neurologic complications are infrequent and diverse with reported cases of stroke, encephalitis/meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ataxia, and unspecified limb weakness. MG is a rarely reported sequela of COVID-19 infection. To date, there are 15 reported cases of post-COVID-19 MG. In this article, we present a case of post-COVID-19 MG and a concise review of other reported cases. An 83-year-old Caucasian male with a medical history of atrial fibrillation status post-ablation and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy was initially admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia. He was treated with remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and supplemental oxygen therapy but did not require invasive mechanical intubation. One month after discharge, he started experiencing fatigue with muscle weakness and progressive dyspnea. He progressed to develop dysphonia, especially at the end of the day. After extensive workup, he was diagnosed with MG with a positive antibody against the AChR. The chronological events of developing slowly worsening muscular weakness after recovering from COVID-19 infection and positive AChR antibody led to the diagnosis of post-COVID-19 new-onset MG. Post-COVID-19 fatigue, long-term use of steroids, and intensive care unit-related physical deconditioning can be confounders in the clinical presentation of post-COVID-19 new-onset MG. Careful history-taking and meticulous assessment of chronological events are needed to diagnose this rare entity.