Local structural distortions and reduced thermal conductivity in Ge-substituted chalcopyrite

• Published in: Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability Materials for energy and sustainability, 2022-11, Vol.1 (44), p.23874-23885
• Main Authors: Tippireddy, Sahil, Azough, Feridoon, Vikram, Bhui, Animesh, Chater, Philip, Kepaptsoglou, Demie, Ramasse, Quentin, Freer, Robert, Grau-Crespo, Ricardo, Biswas, Kanishka, Vaqueiro, Paz, Powell, Anthony V
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Bonding strength; Chalcopyrite; Chemical bonds; Density of states; Distortion; Distribution functions; Electrical resistivity; Electron states; Germanium; Heat conductivity; Heat transfer; Lattice vibration; Mathematical analysis; Oxidation; Phonons; Photoelectron spectroscopy; Photoelectrons; Power factor; S parameters; Seebeck effect; Substitutes; Sulfur; Tetrahedra; Thermal conductivity; Thermoelectric materials; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
• ISSN: 2050-7488; 2050-7496
• DOI: 10.1039/d2ta06443j

Chalcopyrite, CuFeS 2 is considered one of the promising n-type thermoelectric materials with high natural abundance as a mineral. In this work, partial substitution of germanium in materials CuFe 1− x Ge x S 2 , (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10), leads to an almost six-fold enhancement of thermoelectric properties. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that germanium is present in two oxidation states: Ge 2+ and Ge 4+ . The stereochemically-active 4s 2 lone-pair of electrons associated with Ge 2+ induces a local structural distortion. Pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis reveal that Ge 2+ ions are displaced from the centre of the GeS 4 tetrahedron towards a triangular face, leading to pseudo-trigonal pyramidal coordination. This distortion is accompanied by lattice softening and an increase of the strain-fluctuation scattering parameter ( Γ S ), leading to a decrease in thermal conductivity. Phonon calculations demonstrate that germanium substitution leads to the appearance of resonant phonon modes. These modes lie close in energy to the acoustic and low-energy optical modes of the host matrix, with which they can interact, providing an additional mechanism for reducing the thermal conductivity. The weak chemical bonding of germanium with sulphur also leads to localized electronic states near the Fermi level which results in a high density-of-states effective mass, enabling a relatively high Seebeck coefficient to be maintained, despite the reduced electrical resistivity. This combination produces an almost three-fold improvement in the power factor, which when coupled with the substantial reduction in thermal conductivity, leads to a maximum figure-of-merit, zT ∼ 0.4 at 723 K for CuFe 0.94 Ge 0.06 S 2 . Pair-distribution-function analysis of X-ray total-scattering data for CuFe 1− x Ge x S 2 reveals a local structural distortion induced by the lone-pair of Ge 2+ . The resulting strain reduces thermal conductivity and improves thermoelectric performance.