Nonribosomal peptides protect 4A2e from amoebal and nematodal predation

The rhizosphere is a highly competitive environment forcing bacteria to evolve strategies to oppose their enemies. The production of toxic secondary metabolites allows bacteria to counteract predators. In this study, we describe the anti-predator armamentarium of the soil-derived bacterium Pseudomon...

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Published in:Chemical science (Cambridge) 2023-10, Vol.14 (41), p.11573-11581
Main Authors: Pflanze, Sebastian, Mukherji, Ruchira, Ibrahim, Anan, Günther, Markus, Götze, Sebastian, Chowdhury, Somak, Reimer, Lisa, Regestein, Lars, Stallforth, Pierre
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Summary:The rhizosphere is a highly competitive environment forcing bacteria to evolve strategies to oppose their enemies. The production of toxic secondary metabolites allows bacteria to counteract predators. In this study, we describe the anti-predator armamentarium of the soil-derived bacterium Pseudomonas nunensis 4A2e. Based on a genome mining approach, we identified several biosynthetic gene clusters coding for nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Generation of gene deletion mutants of the respective clusters shows a loss of defense capabilities. We isolated the novel lipopeptides keanumycin D and nunapeptins B and C, and fully elucidated their structures by a combination of in-depth mass spectrometry experiments, stable isotope labelling, and chemical synthesis. Additionally, investigation of the quorum sensing-dependent biosynthesis allowed us to elucidate parts of the underlying regulation of the biosynthetic machinery. Ecology-inspired bioassays highlight the role of these peptides as a defence strategy against protozoans and led us to find a previously unknown function against the bacterivorous nematode Oscheius myriophilus . Genome mining of the environmental bacterial isolate Pseudomonas nunensis 4A2e led to the discovery of three novel lipopeptides. Ecology-inspired bioassays highlight their importance in protecting the producing organism against various predators.
ISSN:2041-6520
2041-6539
DOI:10.1039/d3sc03335j