Investigation of lung nodule detectability in low-dose 320-slice computed tomography

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2009-05, Vol.36 (5), p.1700-1710
• Main Authors: Silverman, J. D., Paul, N. S., Siewerdsen, J. H.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Body Burden; Cancer; chest CT; Computed radiography; Computed tomography; computerised tomography; COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; detectability; diagnostic radiography; dosimetry; Dosimetry/exposure assessment; Humans; IMAGE PROCESSING; image reconstruction; Image scanners; low‐dose CT; lung; lung cancer screening; Lung Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging; lung nodule surveillance; LUNGS; MAFC; Medical image contrast; Medical image noise; medical image processing; Medical image reconstruction; Medical imaging; Modulation transfer functions; Multislice; observer performance; PHANTOMS; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Imaging Physics; Radiographic Image Enhancement - methods; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods; RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE; Reconstruction; reconstruction filter; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; smoothing methods; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule - diagnostic imaging; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; THRESHOLD DOSE; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods; tumours; volumetric CT
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209; 0094-2405
• DOI: 10.1118/1.3112363

Low-dose imaging protocols in chest CT are important in the screening and surveillance of suspicious and indeterminate lung nodules. Techniques that maintain nodule detectability yet permit dose reduction, particularly for large body habitus, were investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which radiation dose can be minimized while maintaining diagnostic performance through knowledgeable selection of reconstruction techniques. A 320-slice volumetric CT scanner (Aquilion ONE™, Toshiba Medical Systems) was used to scan an anthropomorphic phantom at doses ranging from ∼ 0.1   mGy up to that typical of low-dose CT (LDCT, ∼ 5   mGy ) and diagnostic CT ( ∼ 10   mGy ) . Radiation dose was measured via Farmer chamber and MOSFET dosimetry. The phantom presented simulated nodules of varying size and contrast within a heterogeneous background, and chest thickness was varied through addition of tissue-equivalent bolus about the chest. Detectability of a small solid lung nodule (3.2 mm diameter, −37 HU, typically the smallest nodule of clinical significance in screening and surveillance) was evaluated as a function of dose, patient size, reconstruction filter, and slice thickness by means of nine-alternative forced-choice (9AFC) observer tests to quantify nodule detectability. For a given reconstruction filter, nodule detectability decreased sharply below a threshold dose level due to increased image noise, especially for large body size. However, nodule detectability could be maintained at lower doses through knowledgeable selection of (smoother) reconstruction filters. For large body habitus, optimal filter selection reduced the dose required for nodule detection by up to a factor of ∼ 3 (from ∼ 3.3   mGy for sharp filters to ∼ 1.0   mGy for the optimal filter). The results indicate that radiation dose can be reduced below the current low-dose (5 mGy) and ultralow-dose (1 mGy) levels with knowledgeable selection of reconstruction parameters. Image noise, not spatial resolution, was found to be the limiting factor in detection of small lung nodules. Therefore, the use of smoother reconstruction filters may permit lower-dose protocols without trade-off in diagnostic performance.