Effects of salinity and temperature on growth, plasma ions, cortisol and immune parameters of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

• Published in: Aquaculture 2013-03, Vol.380-383, p.70-79
• Main Authors: Árnason, Tómas, Magnadóttir, Bergljót, Björnsson, Björn, Steinarsson, Agnar, Björnsson, Björn Thrandur
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: acclimation; Animal and plant ecology; Animal aquaculture; Animal productions; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Aquaculture; Atlantic cod; Biological and medical sciences; Biological Sciences; Biologiska vetenskaper; Cod; cod (fish); cortisol; density; efficiency; fish; fish culture; food conversion; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gadus morhua; General aspects; Growth; Immunology; Ions; juveniles; long term experiments; Marine; modulation; Osmoregulation; Physical growth; physiology; rearing; reduced salinities; Salinity; Sea water ecosystems; seasonal-variation; seawater; stocking; Synecology; Teleostei; Temperature; Temperature effects
• ISSN: 0044-8486; 1873-5622
• DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.11.036

The effects of salinity and temperature on growth, plasma ions, cortisol and immune parameters were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment small, medium and large juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (initial average weights of 1.9, 8 and 83g, respectively) were reared at four constant salinities (6 to 32‰) for a short period (19–57days, depending on size), then returned to seawater (32‰) without acclimation and reared for another period (20–391days). The highest growth rates were found at 10‰ in all size-classes. After the fish were returned to seawater the growth rates were inversely related to the salinity change in all size-classes and long-term rearing of the medium-sized fish revealed that abrupt salinity increase from 6 and 10‰ to seawater may permanently reduce the growth capacity of juvenile cod. In another long-term experiment, there was no significant difference in the growth rate of cod (initial average weight 3.4g) reared at either 13.5 or 32‰ for 187days. Rearing at 13.5‰ neither enhanced growth rate at 6.3°C nor at 10°C in larger juveniles (>245g) compared with rearing in seawater. The study shows that rearing salinity and abrupt salinity changes have limited or no effects on stress and immune-related parameters, and there are no indications of ion regulatory disturbances at salinities as low as 6‰. This shows that the Atlantic cod is an extremely euryhaline marine teleost species, and indicates that commercial Atlantic cod aquaculture can just as well be carried out in locations with low as with high environmental salinity. ► Three size-classes of Atlantic cod reared at four salinities all showed the highest growth at 10‰. ► Rearing at 13.5‰ had no long-term benefits on growth rate. ► Abrupt increase in salinity may permanently decrease the growth capacity of cod. ► Salinity had limited or no effects on osmoregulation, stress and immune-related parameters.