Hormonal effects of Depo‐Provera in cervical smears

• Published in: Cancer 2002-04, Vol.96 (2), p.74-82
• Main Authors: Kaptain, Stamatina, Bloom, Leonard I., Weir, Michele M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: cervical smears; depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo‐Provera [DP]); hormonal effects; levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol (Triphasil [TP]); postmenopausal
• ISSN: 0008-543X; 1097-0142
• DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10476

BACKGROUND Long‐acting injectable contraceptive agents may cause changes in cervical smears that could impair the detection of epithelial abnormalities. The objectives of the current study were to 1) compare the hormonal effects of depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo‐Provera®) (DP) in cervical smears with those of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol (Triphasil®) (TP) and postmenopausal (PM) changes; and 2) determine whether the duration of DP use affects squamous maturation. METHODS Satisfactory cervical smears from 50 DP users, 55 TP users, and 51 PM patients were evaluated blindly for: 1) squamous cell curling, crowding, cytolysis, and navicular cell formation; 2) pseudoparakeratosis, blue blobs, and histiocytes; 3) endometrial cells and blood; 4) single or enlarged endocervical nuclei and mucin‐depleted endocervical cells; 5) lactobacilli and coccobacilli amounts; and 6) squamous maturation (ratio of parabasal:intermediate:superficial cells). RESULTS No statistically significant differences were observed for blue blobs, histiocytes, blood, endometrial cells, or single or enlarged endocervical nuclei among smears from the three groups. More smears from DP and TP users demonstrated squamous cell curling, crowding, and cytolysis as well as navicular cells and abundant lactobacilli compared with smears from PM patients. There were more PM smears with pseudoparakeratosis and mucin‐depleted endocervical cells compared with the other groups. The majority of PM smears (98%) demonstrated predominantly parabasal cells with some intermediate cells. The majority of DP (86%) and TP (93%) smears demonstrated mostly intermediate and some superficial cells, regardless of the duration of DP use. CONCLUSIONS Certain progestational‐dependent effects (i.e., curling, crowding, navicular cells, and abundant lactobacilli) were identified more often in TP users compared with DP users and less often in PM patients. The mostly parabasal pattern observed in smears from PM patients contrasted with the predominantly intermediate pattern found in smears from DP and TP users. The duration of DP use did not appear to have any effect on squamous maturation. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002;96:000–000. © 2002 American Cancer Society. The results of the current study demonstrate some comparable hormonal effects in cervical smears from patients using depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo‐Provera®) (DP) and levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol (Triphasil®) that contrast with those fr